Bye-bye Baby Bluebirds!

Text and photos © 2015 Adele Wilson, author of Bonding with the Barn Swallows

I don’t know why I get so attached to baby birds, but I’ve been that way all my life.  The baby Bluebirds left the nest box on Wednesday, July 22^nd, and I haven’t seen them since.

I really didn’t see the babies at all except for their little heads peeking through the nest box hole the last few days during which they were in the box.  During that time, the parents had been extremely busy feeding larvae and full-grown insects to the babies through the box's entrance hole.

From my observations during the times that I had opened the nest box, I knew that the female had laid her last egg on June 21st.  The day the last egg is laid is generally said to be the day that the female begins incubating her eggs.  According to Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the average incubation period for Eastern Bluebirds is 14 days, but I had read that this period can be anywhere from 12 to 14 days.  The day that the first egg hatches is said to be the end of the incubation period.

Again, according to Cornell, the average number of days that Eastern Bluebird nestlings stay in the nest is 17 days, but I had read that it can be anywhere between 17 and 21 days, most likely 18.  When the babies leave the nest, they are said to “fledge”.  Therefore, the number of days that the nestlings stay in the nest is called the “fledging period”.

Also, in some cases, the female might begin to incubate on the day before the last egg is laid.  That would hasten the hatching date by one day.

Using all of this information, including the variability of the day that incubation begins, the length of the incubation period, and the number of days that the young stay in the nest (the fledging period), I had estimated that the babies would leave the nest (fledge) on Thursday, July 23^rd, when they were 18 days old.

So, based on my estimation of the fledging date, I went out early Wednesday morning, July 22^nd, to take pictures of the nest box.  Hopefully, I would get some photos of the babies’ heads peeking out of the box, and, if I didn’t, I would have 24 more hours left to do so.

The morning of July 22^nd was beautiful and sunny.  The sunlight coming from the east was hitting the nest box nicely, and I had a full, clear view of what going on at the box.

Both Mama and Papa Bluebird were busy bringing insects to the box to feed their babies through the hole.  Mama and Papa, usually one by one, would first land on top of the box with a grasshopper, a grub worm, or some other type of live insect in their beaks and await clearance to fly to the hole of the box and feed the babies inside.

And I wasn’t disappointed in my hopes of being able to see the babies’ faces peeking out of the hole!  It was a memorable and gratifying experience.

But I don’t think it was so gratifying to the parent Bluebirds to have me out there taking pictures of the box when the babies were so hungry.  So I took as many pictures as I could during a 30-minute period while the angle of the Sun was almost horizontal to the nest box.

At one point, I realized that I was holding up the feedings.  Both Mama and Papa were perched on top of the box at the same time, both holding insects to feed to their young, as the photo below shows.

The babies were eagerly awaiting their breakfasts.  Most of the time, I would see only one baby’s face through the nest box hole.  Perhaps this was the first-hatched, and therefore the most fully developed, nestling, the one with the most strength to beg for food.

On one occasion I was able to photograph, through the hole, what seemed like the heads of three of the nestlings.  I was rather disappointed that I couldn’t see all four because Mama Bluebird had laid four eggs and I had observed four nestlings in the box a week previously, on July 15^th, which was the last time I had opened the door of the nest box.

On that day, July 15^th, I had estimated the nestlings, or at least the oldest nestling, to be 10 days old.  All of the Eastern Bluebird information sources say not to check the box after the nestlings are 12 days old for fear that it will cause them to fledge early and decrease their chances of survival.  So I chose not to open the nest box door again after July 15^th.

My calculation of the oldest nestling being 10 days old was based on the assumption that Mama began incubating her eggs on June 21^st and did so for 14 days until the first egg hatched, which would have been on July 5^th.

I had read that Bluebird eggs generally hatch within 24 hours of each other, but there might be a straggler that takes a little longer than that to hatch.  Yet, the eggs are said to all hatch within no more than 48 hours of the first egg hatching.

So, if the first egg had hatched on July 5^th, the babies, at least the oldest one, would have been 10 days old on July 15^th, the last day that I had opened the door of the box.  I did not photograph them on that day, but I tried to remember what they looked like.  I remembered how I could see their light-colored pin feathers and began searching on the Internet for photos of Eastern Bluebird nestlings.

Yes, according to the photos that I found of Eastern Bluebird nestlings of different ages, the nestlings did indeed look much like 10-day-old nestlings on July 15th!  That meant that on July 22^nd they would be 17 days old and on July 23^rd, 18 days old.

At the time, I was not giving a great deal of attention to Cornell’s exact estimation of incubating and fledging time periods.  Instead, I was trying to assess an average of the time periods given on different websites.

Most of the websites said that baby Eastern Bluebirds fledge when they are 18 days old, which would be on July 23rd.  Therefore, on the morning of July 22^nd I would have at least another 24 hours before the 17-day-old babies would leave the nest.

Wrong I was!  On the evening of July 22^nd, there were no parent Bluebirds anywhere near the nest box.  If the babies were still inside, they would be starving because 17-day-old babies need to be fed several times an hour.

I checked the box on the morning of July 23^rd and found a crumpled-down nest that looked gross and unsanitary.  I had read stories about having to remove dead babies from the nest box, but, fortunately, I did not find any.

That meant that all four babies had been alive at the time they exited the box.  I would love to have seen the fledging of the babies, but I don’t think the parent birds would have permitted their babies to leave the box with a human in sight.

There is a chance that a predator (mainly a cat) could have attacked the babies while they were flying from the box, but I am having faith that did not occur given the parents’ defensiveness and vigilance that I had witnessed over the past two weeks.

On the morning of July 24^th, just before I put out my trash for our weekly pickup, I removed the nest from the box and sealed it in a plastic bag to put into my trash.  I then proceeded to scrape out the debris from the box, sprayed the inside with a 10% bleach solution, and scrubbed it with a brush.  By the time I had again sprayed, scraped, and brushed several times, the box was as clean as a new box. 

I left the box open to dry in the sun for the remainder of the day.  By evening, the box was dry and fresh, smelling like natural wood (the box is made of cedar), with no trace of the scent of bleach remaining.  So I closed the door of the box to prevent it from getting saturated with dew overnight.

After thinking that the babies had fledged one day early and that perhaps I had caused them to do so by my photographing the box on the morning of July 22^nd, I reviewed Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s timetable for Bluebird nesting.  To my surprise, I discovered that the babies had fledged RIGHT ON TIME!

As previously stated, Cornell gives an Eastern Bluebird incubation period of 14 days and a fledging period of 17 days.  Since 14 plus 17 equals 31, and 31 days added to June 21^st equals July 22^nd,, in light of Cornell’s average incubation and fledging periods, the babies fledged on the exact day that they were supposed to.  Excellent work, Cornell!

Bluebird babies are said to be unable to feed themselves for the first two weeks during which they are out of the nest.  The parents are said to take the babies into trees to protect them from predators, with the parents continuing to feed insects to the babies for the next two weeks.  Eventually, the parents teach the babies to hunt for insects by themselves.  The photo to the left shows what a baby Bluebird looks like when it is out on its own.  I took this photo during the summer of 2013 when I first observed baby Bluebirds near my yard.

So, perhaps by August 5^th or so, I will see the babies around, perching on the fence with their eyes on the ground, hunting for insects in the manner that their parents have taught them.  In the meantime, I am wondering if the Bluebird parents will nest again this summer.  Will they use one of our two now-clean nest boxes to do so?  Time will tell.

You can stay tuned to discover whether I see the babies again and whether their parents nest again in one of our boxes.  To follow this blog, you can enter your email address on the upper right of the page.

If you have found this story interesting, you might want to check out my book, Bonding with the Barn Swallows.  Its 117 photos include close-ups of the baby Barn Swallows that were hatched on my porch during 2011 and 2012.  There are also photos of the parent swallows guarding the nest and feeding their young.  As an extra bonus, the book includes photos of five different juvenal Barn Swallows, just ten days after fledging.  You will be amazed at their varied markings.  The book describes how one special male Barn Swallow communicated to me by his body language on the utility wire and how, only two days later, I discovered what he was trying to tell me.  To find out more about the book and read a preview, just click on the image to the right.

Nesting Bluebirds -- Bugs for the Babies!

Text and photos © 2015 Adele Wilson, author of Bonding with the Barn Swallows

The Bluebird eggs have hatched!  My estimation is that the hatching date was July 5^th.  That would be the date of the hatching of the first egg.  Bluebird eggs are said to hatch within twenty-four hours of each other, although the last-laid egg might take a little longer.  The general rule is that all of the eggs will hatch within 48 hours of the first egg hatching, unless any of them are infertile. 

If you are interested in knowing how I estimated the hatching date, you can read the Technical Section below.

There were four eggs in the nest, and now there are four Bluebird babies.  I do not check the inside of the box very frequently for fear of stressing the parent Bluebirds.  The last time I checked, which was on Wednesday, July 15^th, the babies had light-colored “pin feathers” on them.  Assuming a hatching date of July 5^th, the first-hatched baby was ten days old at that time.

I have not photographed the babies, but if you go to the following site and look at Figure 5, you can see approximately what the babies looked like on July 15^th:  http://www.wbu.com/chipperwoods/photos/ebluebird.htm.  Here’s another photo of 10-day-old Bluebirds:  http://www.sialis.org/images/series/ybb11thday.jpg.

As the babies grow larger, they need increasing amounts of food and higher frequencies of feeding.  Their food consists of bugs, more technically called insects, that the babies’ parents bring to the nest box.  On the right is a photo of Mama Bluebird with what might be a grasshopper in her beak.  She is preparing to feed at least one baby through the nest box hole when she feels that it is safe to do so.  The blossoms in the background are on a Mimosa tree.

Both parents have been diligently hunting for insects and bringing them to the box to feed to the babies.  The insects that Bluebirds eat are largely those that live on the ground.  A Bluebird will perch on a fence, a utility wire, or a building's roof and focus on the ground below.  Once it sees an insect, it will quickly swoop to the ground, capture the insect, and immediately return to its higher post to either digest the insect or save it to feed its youngsters.

The parent Bluebirds closely guard the nest box and for good reason.  We have roaming, feral cats around here that eat birds.  The parent Bluebirds probably also consider me to be a potential predator because they are extremely cautious about feeding their babies when I am taking pictures of them.

The photo on the left shows both Mama and Papa Bluebird on top of the box with insects in their beaks.  They are awaiting a safe time to feed their babies.

Mama Bluebird is more cautious than Papa Bluebird and likes to wait until I am out of the way before she feeds her babies.  I have very few photos, if any, of Mama feeding the babies though the nest box hole.

Finally, after a few minutes of both Mama and Papa Bluebird perching on top of the nest box, Papa Bluebird deemed it safe enough to feed his insect to the babies inside the box.  Mama stayed on top of the box awaiting her turn, as shown in the photo below.

The photo on the right, taken early in the morning, shows Papa Bluebird on top of the box holding an insect, a large one at that!  Since I was there with my camera, he was watching me to be certain that I would not interfere with his feeding of the babies.

I wondered how many babies that large insect would feed.  Interestingly, male Bluebirds are said to show preference for feeding the female babies instead of the males.  It is speculated that the Papa Bluebird would rather have the females grow up and be healthy because, unlike the males, they will not interfere with his breeding territory next spring.  Instead, the females will go off with their own mates into another territory.  In short, male Bluebirds compete for breeding territories, which are usually five or six acres in size, but they can sometimes range up to twenty acres.

Much of this information presented here can be found in the delightful book, Eastern Bluebird by Gary Ritchison, which I heartily recommend if you would like to find out more about Eastern Bluebirds.  The book is well illustrated with superb photos and contains a great deal of information.

After perching on top of the box and holding the huge insect in his beak, Papa Bluebird proceeded to feed the babies.  As the photo to the left shows, Papa landed on the front of the box and fed the insect to the babies inside. 

Immediately afterward, Papa actually went inside the box.  I was wondering what he was doing inside of the box, but a moment later I discovered what it was.

Papa Bluebird stayed inside the box for a short time and then exited from the box, flying away to hunt for another insect.  The photo below shows him flying from the box.  As to what Papa had been doing inside the box, the answer is shown in the photo.

If you look closely at the photo, you will see that Papa had something white in his beak.

Something white?  It was actually a form of a diaper.  It is called a “fecal sac” and is from one of the baby Bluebirds.  When the babies reach a certain age, it becomes the job of the parents to remove these sacs from the nest.

A parent will take the sac from the nest box and fly far away from the box.  The parent will drop the sac in a place where predators will not be able to associate the scent of the sac with the location of the nest box.  And that is what Papa Bluebird did.  I watched him fly across the adjacent field and out of sight with the sac still in his beak.

Technical Section

Estimating Eastern Bluebirds’ hatching dates is based on observations of the nest and certain knowledge of Bluebird behavior and breeding patterns.  It is necessary to know how many eggs are laid and when the female finishes laying them.  Here are my observations:

Afternoon of June 17th – no eggs in nest
Afternoon of June 21st – four eggs in nest
Afternoon of June 29th – four eggs in nest

Ornithological observations have shown that, once a female Bluebird starts laying eggs, she will lay one egg each morning.  This is also true of many other birds.  Bluebirds tend to lay their eggs well after sunrise, often between 8 and 10 a.m.

Also from observations, it is known that the female will usually start incubating her eggs either on the day that she lays her last egg or on the previous day.

Since no eggs were in the nest on the afternoon of June 17^th, the female had not yet laid any eggs.  However, on June 21^st there were four eggs in the nest, indicating that she had laid her first egg on June 18^th, her second on June 19^th, her third on June 20^th, and her fourth on June 21^st.

Since there were still only four eggs in the nest on June 29^th, the female stopped laying after she laid her last egg on June 21^st.  She therefore began incubating her eggs either on June 21^st or on June 20^th. 

For the purpose of my calculation, I assumed that the female began incubating on June 21st. That is because I did not notice the female peeking her head out of the nest box prior to the morning of June 21st. Peeking her head out of the box would have indicated that she had been in the box all night keeping the eggs warm. Instead, early each morning prior to June 21st, between about 6 and 7 a.m., I observed the male landing on top of the box, the female flying from the fence to the top of the box to join him, after which the male would enter the box with the female following him. The male would then fly out of the box, leaving the female inside. I interpreted this behavior as the male escorting the female inside the box to make sure it was safe to lay an egg.

Since the average incubation period for Eastern Bluebirds is fourteen days, I assumed that the eggs began hatching on July 5^th, which was fourteen days from June 21^st.

Based on the assumption that the oldest baby was ten days old on July 15th, I estimate that babies will start fledging (leaving the nest) sometime around July 23rd. This is based on the average fledging date for Eastern Bluebirds being the date when they are eighteen days old. However, this can vary up to twenty-one days. On the other hand, the material that I have read about Eastern Bluebird nesting in this region of the U.S. has indicated an average of 18 days.

Stay tuned to discover the fate of the babies!  And please pray with me that they will be safe once they leave the nest.  To follow this blog, you can enter your email address on the upper right of the page.

 

If you have found this story interesting, you might want to check out my book, Bonding with the Barn Swallows.  Its 117 photos include closeups of the baby Barn Swallows that were hatched on my porch during 2011 and 2012.  There are also photos of the parent swallows guarding the nest and feeding their young.  As an extra bonus, the book includes photos of five different juvenile Barn Swallows, just ten days after fledging.  You will be amazed at their varied markings.  The book describes how one special male Barn Swallow communicated to me by his body language on the utility wire and how, only two days later, I discovered what he was trying to tell me.  To find out more about the book and read a preview, just click on the image to the right.