Nesting Bluebirds -- Bugs for the Babies!

Text and photos © 2015 Adele Wilson, author of Bonding with the Barn Swallows

The Bluebird eggs have hatched!  My estimation is that the hatching date was July 5^th.  That would be the date of the hatching of the first egg.  Bluebird eggs are said to hatch within twenty-four hours of each other, although the last-laid egg might take a little longer.  The general rule is that all of the eggs will hatch within 48 hours of the first egg hatching, unless any of them are infertile. 

If you are interested in knowing how I estimated the hatching date, you can read the Technical Section below.

There were four eggs in the nest, and now there are four Bluebird babies.  I do not check the inside of the box very frequently for fear of stressing the parent Bluebirds.  The last time I checked, which was on Wednesday, July 15^th, the babies had light-colored “pin feathers” on them.  Assuming a hatching date of July 5^th, the first-hatched baby was ten days old at that time.

I have not photographed the babies, but if you go to the following site and look at Figure 5, you can see approximately what the babies looked like on July 15^th:  http://www.wbu.com/chipperwoods/photos/ebluebird.htm.  Here’s another photo of 10-day-old Bluebirds:  http://www.sialis.org/images/series/ybb11thday.jpg.

As the babies grow larger, they need increasing amounts of food and higher frequencies of feeding.  Their food consists of bugs, more technically called insects, that the babies’ parents bring to the nest box.  On the right is a photo of Mama Bluebird with what might be a grasshopper in her beak.  She is preparing to feed at least one baby through the nest box hole when she feels that it is safe to do so.  The blossoms in the background are on a Mimosa tree.

Both parents have been diligently hunting for insects and bringing them to the box to feed to the babies.  The insects that Bluebirds eat are largely those that live on the ground.  A Bluebird will perch on a fence, a utility wire, or a building's roof and focus on the ground below.  Once it sees an insect, it will quickly swoop to the ground, capture the insect, and immediately return to its higher post to either digest the insect or save it to feed its youngsters.

The parent Bluebirds closely guard the nest box and for good reason.  We have roaming, feral cats around here that eat birds.  The parent Bluebirds probably also consider me to be a potential predator because they are extremely cautious about feeding their babies when I am taking pictures of them.

The photo on the left shows both Mama and Papa Bluebird on top of the box with insects in their beaks.  They are awaiting a safe time to feed their babies.

Mama Bluebird is more cautious than Papa Bluebird and likes to wait until I am out of the way before she feeds her babies.  I have very few photos, if any, of Mama feeding the babies though the nest box hole.

Finally, after a few minutes of both Mama and Papa Bluebird perching on top of the nest box, Papa Bluebird deemed it safe enough to feed his insect to the babies inside the box.  Mama stayed on top of the box awaiting her turn, as shown in the photo below.

The photo on the right, taken early in the morning, shows Papa Bluebird on top of the box holding an insect, a large one at that!  Since I was there with my camera, he was watching me to be certain that I would not interfere with his feeding of the babies.

I wondered how many babies that large insect would feed.  Interestingly, male Bluebirds are said to show preference for feeding the female babies instead of the males.  It is speculated that the Papa Bluebird would rather have the females grow up and be healthy because, unlike the males, they will not interfere with his breeding territory next spring.  Instead, the females will go off with their own mates into another territory.  In short, male Bluebirds compete for breeding territories, which are usually five or six acres in size, but they can sometimes range up to twenty acres.

Much of this information presented here can be found in the delightful book, Eastern Bluebird by Gary Ritchison, which I heartily recommend if you would like to find out more about Eastern Bluebirds.  The book is well illustrated with superb photos and contains a great deal of information.

After perching on top of the box and holding the huge insect in his beak, Papa Bluebird proceeded to feed the babies.  As the photo to the left shows, Papa landed on the front of the box and fed the insect to the babies inside. 

Immediately afterward, Papa actually went inside the box.  I was wondering what he was doing inside of the box, but a moment later I discovered what it was.

Papa Bluebird stayed inside the box for a short time and then exited from the box, flying away to hunt for another insect.  The photo below shows him flying from the box.  As to what Papa had been doing inside the box, the answer is shown in the photo.

If you look closely at the photo, you will see that Papa had something white in his beak.

Something white?  It was actually a form of a diaper.  It is called a “fecal sac” and is from one of the baby Bluebirds.  When the babies reach a certain age, it becomes the job of the parents to remove these sacs from the nest.

A parent will take the sac from the nest box and fly far away from the box.  The parent will drop the sac in a place where predators will not be able to associate the scent of the sac with the location of the nest box.  And that is what Papa Bluebird did.  I watched him fly across the adjacent field and out of sight with the sac still in his beak.

Technical Section

Estimating Eastern Bluebirds’ hatching dates is based on observations of the nest and certain knowledge of Bluebird behavior and breeding patterns.  It is necessary to know how many eggs are laid and when the female finishes laying them.  Here are my observations:

Afternoon of June 17th – no eggs in nest
Afternoon of June 21st – four eggs in nest
Afternoon of June 29th – four eggs in nest

Ornithological observations have shown that, once a female Bluebird starts laying eggs, she will lay one egg each morning.  This is also true of many other birds.  Bluebirds tend to lay their eggs well after sunrise, often between 8 and 10 a.m.

Also from observations, it is known that the female will usually start incubating her eggs either on the day that she lays her last egg or on the previous day.

Since no eggs were in the nest on the afternoon of June 17^th, the female had not yet laid any eggs.  However, on June 21^st there were four eggs in the nest, indicating that she had laid her first egg on June 18^th, her second on June 19^th, her third on June 20^th, and her fourth on June 21^st.

Since there were still only four eggs in the nest on June 29^th, the female stopped laying after she laid her last egg on June 21^st.  She therefore began incubating her eggs either on June 21^st or on June 20^th. 

For the purpose of my calculation, I assumed that the female began incubating on June 21st. That is because I did not notice the female peeking her head out of the nest box prior to the morning of June 21st. Peeking her head out of the box would have indicated that she had been in the box all night keeping the eggs warm. Instead, early each morning prior to June 21st, between about 6 and 7 a.m., I observed the male landing on top of the box, the female flying from the fence to the top of the box to join him, after which the male would enter the box with the female following him. The male would then fly out of the box, leaving the female inside. I interpreted this behavior as the male escorting the female inside the box to make sure it was safe to lay an egg.

Since the average incubation period for Eastern Bluebirds is fourteen days, I assumed that the eggs began hatching on July 5^th, which was fourteen days from June 21^st.

Based on the assumption that the oldest baby was ten days old on July 15th, I estimate that babies will start fledging (leaving the nest) sometime around July 23rd. This is based on the average fledging date for Eastern Bluebirds being the date when they are eighteen days old. However, this can vary up to twenty-one days. On the other hand, the material that I have read about Eastern Bluebird nesting in this region of the U.S. has indicated an average of 18 days.

Stay tuned to discover the fate of the babies!  And please pray with me that they will be safe once they leave the nest.  To follow this blog, you can enter your email address on the upper right of the page.

 

If you have found this story interesting, you might want to check out my book, Bonding with the Barn Swallows.  Its 117 photos include closeups of the baby Barn Swallows that were hatched on my porch during 2011 and 2012.  There are also photos of the parent swallows guarding the nest and feeding their young.  As an extra bonus, the book includes photos of five different juvenile Barn Swallows, just ten days after fledging.  You will be amazed at their varied markings.  The book describes how one special male Barn Swallow communicated to me by his body language on the utility wire and how, only two days later, I discovered what he was trying to tell me.  To find out more about the book and read a preview, just click on the image to the right.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Case of the Disappearing Eggs

Text and photos © 2015 Adele Wilson, author of Bonding with the Barn Swallows

Unhatched Bluebird Eggs

Bluebird pair, May 12, 2015

If you are following this blog, you know that a pair of Eastern Bluebirds began nesting in Box #1 on May 10^th.  The photo to the right shows the male and female Bluebirds on May 12th.  The female is holding straw to carry into the box.

The female Bluebird laid five eggs, one per day, beginning on May 19^th.  However, as of June 6^th, I had not seen the female around for a couple of days.  I did not observe her presence on the following days, either.

The five eggs never hatched.  It had become obvious that the female Bluebird had abandoned her nest without having incubated her eggs.

[Note:  At the end of this post is a timetable giving significant dates and observations.]

Tree Swallow Eggs

In the meantime, a pair of Tree Swallows had begun nesting in Box #2 on May 19^th and the female had begun laying eggs on May 28th.  By June 3^rd when I checked the box, I saw at least five Tree Swallow eggs.  There could even have been additional eggs that were being obscured by a feather.

Male on fence, female peeking out of box

Unlike the Bluebirds, the Tree Swallows were diligently incubating their eggs and protecting their nest.  Each day from my porch I would observe the male Tree Swallow guarding the box while perching on the fence several feet away from it.  The female would be inside the box, often peeking out of the entrance hole.  When the female went out to catch food, the male would take over incubation duty.

On June 9^th, I checked the Tree Swallow box again.  The female was inside the box, but flew from it when I was about 5 feet (1.5 meters) away.  I opened the door and held a mirror above the nest, but all I saw was a heap of feathers.

Tree Swallows typically use feathers to cushion and protect their eggs; so I was not surprised.  However, I decided not to tamper with the feathers for fear of alarming the birds.  After all, from my observation on June 3^rd, I already knew that the nest contained at least five eggs.

The New Bluebird Nest  

New female Bluebird, June 12, 2015

The male Bluebird continued hanging around the Bluebird box, even after his mate had left the premises and abandoned the eggs.  Fortunately, as described in my previous post, a new female Bluebird arrived at the box on June 12^th.  What an exciting day that was!

The new female began carrying straw into the box, a sign that she was building her own nest on top of the old nest, that is, the nest that had been built by the previous female.

On June 15^th, I decided to check the Bluebird box.  I opened the door, held up a mirror, and was shocked by what I saw.  All five unhatched eggs laid by the previous female were missing!

I was dumbfounded.  Had the eggs been removed by a predator – perhaps a bird, a snake, or even a human?

It had been a clean removal.  There was no evidence of crushed eggs.  There were no eggshells in the nest or on the ground below the box.  Eggshells or crushed eggs would have been evidence of a raccoon, sparrow, wren, or possibly a cat, having preyed upon the eggs.

  

I frantically began researching Bluebird nesting behavior.  I discovered that, when a new female Bluebird arrives at a previously built nest that contains unhatched eggs, she will either build a nest directly on top of the old eggs or remove the eggs and continue adding to the previously built nest.

The fact that the old, unhatched eggs had disappeared from the nest in such a clean, sanitary way therefore led me to consider the possibility that the new female had removed them.  At any rate, it was just as well that the old eggs had been removed because it freed me from the decision of whether to remove them or not.

Barring the possibility that a human had been responsible for the removal of the eggs, the only other type of predator that could have removed the eggs so cleanly would have been a rat snake.  Both of our bird boxes are mounted on 3/8-inch (0.95 cm) diameter poles, 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters) above the ground.  Both boxes’ entrance holes are 1 9/16 inches (4 cm) in diameter.  The poles do not have predator guards; so predation by a rat snack could have been a possibility.

However, despite the fact that three different species of birds have nested on my porch each summer since 2011, I have never seen a rat snake on or near the premises.  I will “never say never”, though.

I concluded that when the new female Bluebird arrived on June 12^th and began adding straw to the old nest, she decided to do some thorough house cleaning.  She must have removed the old female Bluebird’s unhatched eggs in preparation to lay her own.

That seemed like reasonable explanation for the old Bluebird eggs disappearing.

Checking the Tree Swallow Nest – the Surprise

On June 15^th, just a moment after I had checked the Bluebird box (Box #1) and discovered that the unhatched Bluebird eggs were missing, I walked over to Box #2 to check the Tree Swallow nest.  As usual, the male Tree Swallow was perched near the box and the female was inside the box peeking through the hole.

But there was something very different occurring this time.  The female Tree Swallow inside the box was acting unusually jittery and skittish.  She was extremely alarmed that I was approaching her nest.  The photo to the left shows the way the female would usually look when she was peeking out of the box.  But on this day, I could see her twitching her head and scurrying about on the inside of the box.

I decided not to try to open the door on the Tree Swallow box.  The female Tree Swallow would have certainly flown from the box, but I didn’t want to upset her any further.

A day later, on June 16^th, I decided it was again time to try to check the Tree Swallow box.  Based on my calculations of egg-laying dates and incubation times, the Tree Swallow eggs should have started hatching by that date.

To my dismay, the Tree Swallows were nowhere near their box.  Strangely, neither the male nor the female Tree Swallow had been around all day.  Each day for the past three weeks both the male and female Tree Swallows had been fiercely guarding their box.  But that was not the case today. 

I walked to the box, opened the door, held up a mirror, and saw what to me was a ghastly sight.  The nest was completely bare – no feathers, no eggs!!!

There was no evidence of the eggs having been pierced or crushed, and there were no eggs or fragments of eggs on the ground below the box.  The bottom of the nest was clean.  It had been a sanitary removal, identical to the removal of the eggs in the Bluebird box.

My conclusion was that whatever entity removed the eggs from the Bluebird box also removed the eggs from the Tree Swallow box.

Again, I thought about the possibility of a rat snake preying upon both sets of eggs – those in the Bluebird box and those in the Tree Swallow box.  The thought made me cringe.

The Aftermath – Thoughts and Theories

I became extremely depressed.  Now that the Tree Swallows had left the premises, there would be no birds around to swoop at would-be predators.  There are a number of feral cats roaming around, and the Tree Swallows had been doing a good job of keeping them at bay.

The photo above, from May 20th, shows the Tree Swallow box in the background with the Bluebird box in the foreground.  Although the photo does not show it well, the Tree Swallow box is about 75 feet (23 meters) from the Bluebird box.  We had tried to mount the Tree Swallow box at a closer distance, as is often recommended by Bluebird and Tree Swallow organizations, but we were unable to do so.  A distance of 6 feet (1.8 meters) from the Bluebird box had been thwarted because of a rock bed directly under the ground surface, and other locations were restricted by our landlord due to grass-mowing concerns.

Besides, the Tree Swallows had been able to happily nest in their box during the time period when the original female Bluebird had laid her eggs.  It was only a few days after the new female Bluebird arrived that the Tree Swallow eggs went missing.

New female Bluebird, June 14, 2015

Perhaps the new female Bluebird is more vigilant and cautious than was the previous female.  My theory so far is that the previous female was relatively inexperienced at nesting, while the new female is perhaps a little older in age and more aware of the hazards than can exist when nesting close to other birds.  Perhaps, therefore, the new female Bluebird had not only removed the old eggs from her box, but had also, in her desire to have no other birds nesting near her own nest, removed the eggs from the Tree Swallow box.

I have observed some different behavior by the new female that leads me to believe that she is indeed more experienced, and I will cover this behavior in a future post.

On June 18^th, I removed the Tree Swallow nest from Box #2 and thoroughly cleaned the box with a 10% bleach solution from a spray bottle.  The box ended up being soaked, and on top of that we had a fair amount of rain afterwards.  I then decided to have my neighbor take the Tree Swallow box down for a couple of days so that I could bring it inside to dry out.  On the morning of June 21^st, I remounted the box.

Time will tell if there is an egg predation problem occurring in this neighborhood.  If the new female Bluebird lays eggs and the eggs remain undisturbed, it will lessen the possibility that a rat snake or human preyed upon the eggs in both nests.  You can follow this blog to find out what becomes of the new Bluebird nest and whether other birds decide to nest in the now-empty Tree Swallow box.  All you have to do is enter your email address at the top right of this page.

Timetable:

May 10^th – Bluebirds arrive at Box #1

May 19^th – Female Bluebird lays the first of 5 eggs

May 19^th – Tree Swallows arrive at Box #2

May 23^rd – Female Bluebird lays last egg, incubation supposedly begins

May 28^th – Female Tree Swallow lays the first of at least 5 eggs

June 6^th – Female Bluebird has not been around for a couple of days, 5 unhatched eggs still in nest

June 12^th – New female Bluebird arrives

June 15^th – Discovery that unhatched Bluebird eggs had been removed from Bluebird nest

June 16^th – Discovery that Tree Swallow eggs had been removed from Tree Swallow nest

 

If you have found this story interesting, you might want to check out my book, Bonding with the Barn Swallows.  Its 117 photos include closeups of the baby Barn Swallows that were hatched on my porch during 2011 and 2012.  There are also photos of the parent swallows guarding the nest and feeding their young.  As an extra bonus, the book includes photos of five different juvenile Barn Swallows, just ten days after fledging.  You will be amazed at their varied markings.  The book describes how one special male Barn Swallow communicated to me by his body language on the utility wire and how, only two days later, I discovered what he was trying to tell me.  To find out more about the book and read a preview, just click on the image to the right.